The Salem Witchcraft Crisis Of 1692 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 909 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/21 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Salem Witch Trials Essay Did you like this example? Mary Beth Norton is a Historian and American History Professor at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY. Norton has been instructing college students since 1971. Norton has graduated from the University of Michigan and she moved forward to earn a PhD with Harvard University. Norton is also the founder of the Womenrs Studies Program at Cornell University. Mary was the author of the book Founding Mothers and Fathers taking her to the final round for the Pulitzer Prize in history in 1997 (Baron Lecture-Mary Beth Norton). In the Devilrs Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692 the events of the Salem Witch Crisis took place. Citizens of Massachusetts were in a wide range panic and the accusations of witches was getting out of control. Norton starts the novel with a thesis, I failed to anticipate when I first embarked on this project. (In the Devilrs Snare, Page 4, Paragraph 3). Norton expected to base this volume largely on a feminist reinterpretation of familiar materials, primarily the court records published in the Salem Witchcraft Papers and other documents commonly consulted by Salem scholars. (In the Devilrs Snare, Page 4, Paragraph 3). With a feministic mindset, she started her journey on research, but what she came to discover was a potential alternate cause for the crisis of 1692. What Norton found was a new interpretation of the witchcraft crisis (In the Devilrs Snare, Page 4, Paragraph 4). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Salem Witchcraft Crisis Of 1692" essay for you Create order Norton had realized multiple things with the time period of the 1690rs. The main idea of this book is to identify how the effects of two Indian Wars can cause massive amounts of confusion, stress, and chaos on a small town of Massachusetts. Norton identifies how the families of Salem and the surrounding areas where always threatened with attacks from the Wabanaki and similar Native American Tribes. Norton explains that in one occasion over 50 casualties occurred from a single Wabanaki attack on a northern frontier town. She explains how Salemrs puritan government, terrified and defensive due to failures of protecting the frontier from French and Indian attacks, lead to a massive doubt in God. How could God let the Puritan citizens be murdered while they worship him so frequently and thoroughly? Norton adds vast amount of detail of the trials. A few indications of witchcraft include: Visually witnessing a specter of a person or animal levitating from the ground, frequent murders occurring within the area, consorting with animals, possessing the ?Devils Mark (typically a growth or birthmark), unusual strength for a female, and the inability to successfully repeat the Lords Prayer. These were the highlighted signs that a person was possessed by the devil. Norton explained that the numbers for the accused were in the hundreds, specifically 144 in total. 106 women and 38 men were prosecuted by the Puritan judicial system. Fourteen women and five men were hanged until dead during a trial. One man was crushed by the weight of stones during another trial. Three women, a man, and countless infants passed away while imprisoned for pleading guilty to witchcraft. All parties who had confessed to being guilty during the trials were not executed. Death was usually brought by the trials as proof of witchcraft. Norton also thoroughly explains how the citizens were extremely intelligent during this time period, and social classes identified who was likely to be prosecuted for witchcraft. Personally, the book was interesting, but difficult to get through. There is a hefty amount of detail pertaining to this topic. Nortonrs interpretation of this historical event has made me think outside of basic social classes and politics. Nortonrs book focuses on alternative ideas such as war, mental stability, and the level of life difficulty for this time period. Even though the book was very detailed, it still my interest from start to finish. Another historical book I am referencing is Documents of the Salem Witch Trials. This book is written by Eye Witness Accounts and edited by David Gross. This book was published in 2018. I am referencing this book for several reasons. The first reason is because the book came out this year, which means that potentially newer information was interpreted during the creation of this book. Another reason I chose this book as a second reference was because it has written statements directly from the prosecuted, the judges, and the other parties involved. I am also referencing A delusion of Satan: the full story of the Salem witch trials. Written by Frances Hill and published in 2002. This book seems to be more gripping than In the Devilrs Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692. This book goes into further detail on individuals who were accused during the trials. The details seem more gruesome, which would potentially attract more people to read this book. This is a good starting point for basic information from the victims of the crisis in 1692. Works Cited Aasmaster. Baron Lecture Mary Beth Norton. A Place of Reading: Revolutionary Taverns, 12 Nov. 2018, www.americanantiquarian.org/baron-lecture-mary-beth-norton. Norton, Mary Beth. In the Devils Snare: the Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692. Vintage, 2003. Goss, K. David. Documents of the Salem Witch Trials. ABC-CLIO, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2018. Hill, Frances, and Karen Armstrong. A Delusion of Satan: The Full Story of the Salem Witch Trials. Da Capo Press, 2002. Trask, Richard B., and Bernard Rosenthal. Legal Procedures Used During the Salem Witch Trials and A Brief History of The Published Versions of The Records. Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt, pp. 44â€Å"63., Salem Witch Trials. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia, doi:10.4135/9781452218427.n607.

Breast Cancer Awareness Outline - 516 Words

Must also include the following type of Outline. Thesis Statement and Outline What is your thesis statement? With that said, according to the statistics, it appears that Breast Cancer awareness and education is definitely focused on less with men than women for many reasons Introduction It is clear that there is plenty of awareness when it comes down to breast cancer in general. Men and women are both plagued by this disease but it appears that this chronic illness has less attention with men that women. This chronic illness comes in many forms such as breast cancer which is in both sexes. Any form of chronic illness such as breast cancer in men and women can of course be totally terrifying for the person. However, it is important to make sure that both receive equal amount of attention, considering that this is a dangerous disease. What is Breast Cancer? A. Defining breast cancer in men and women 1. The difference in men awareness 2. The difference in women and its awareness 3. How breast cancer is formed B. Dealing with a chronic illness and its awareness 1. Challenges for men 2. Challenges for women 3. The differences in men and women III. Historical Background: Where the lack of Awareness and Education Started A. History of women getting awareness over men. 1. Women first studies and their awareness 2. Lack of awareness in men throughout history 3. Historical women with breast cancer and the lack of men and its awareness B.Show MoreRelatedInformative Speech Outline-Kab Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesSpeech Outline General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform Students about The Keep-A-Breast Organization Central Idea: I’d like to inform students about The History of Keep-A-Breast Organization, Who the Keep-A-Breast Organization is, and how they get young adults interested in Prevention of Breast Cancer. Introduction I. Breast Cancer. 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Wage Determination Free Essays

Methods of Wage Determination in India 1. Fixation of wages is a recent phenomenon in India 2. There was no effective machinery until 2nd world war for settlement of disputes for fixation of wages. We will write a custom essay sample on Wage Determination or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3. After independence of India, industrial relations become a major issue and there was phenomena increase in industrial dispute mostly over wages leading to substantial loss of production. 4. Realizing that industrial peace is essential for progress on industrial as well as economic front, the central govt. convened in 1947, and a tripartite conference consisting of representatives of employers, labour and government. Govt. of India formulated industrial policy resolution in 1948 where the govt. has mentioned to items which has bearing on wages †¢ statutory fixation of minimum wages †¢ Promotion of fair wages. 5. To achieve 1st objective, the minimum wages act, 1948 was passed to lay down certain norms and procedures for determination and fixation of wages by central and state govt. 6. To achieve 2nd objective govt. of India appointed in 1949, a tripartite committee on fair wages to determine the principles on which fair wages should be fixed Wages and salary incomes in India are fixed through several institutions. These are Collective bargaining †¢ Industrial wage bound †¢ Govt. appointed pay commissions †¢ Adjudication by courts tribunals 1. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING:- †¢ Collective bargaining relates to those arrangements under which wages and conditions of employments are generally decided by agreements negotiated between the parties. †¢ Broadly speaking the fol lowing factors affect the wage determination by collective bargaining process ? Alternate choices demands ? Institutional necessities ? The right and capacity to strike †¢ In a modern democratic society wages are determined by collective bargaining in contrast to individual bargaining by working. In the matter of wage bargaining, unions are primarily concerned with ? General level of wage rates ? Structure of wages rates (differential among occupations) ? Bonus, incentives and fringe benefits, Administration of wages. 2. INDUSTRIAL WAGE BOARDS:- †¢ Concept of wage board was first enunciated by committee on fair wages. †¢ It was commended by first five year plan and second five year plan also considered wage board as an acceptable machinery for setting wage disputes. †¢ Wage boards in India are of two types ? Statutory wage board ? Tripartite wage board Statutory wage board means a body set up by law or with legal authority to establish minimum wages and other standards of employment which are then legally enforceable in particular trade or industry to which board’s decision relate. Tripartite wage board means a voluntary negotiating body set up by discussions between organized employers, workers and govt. to regulate wages, working hours and related conditions of employment. †¢ Wage board decisions are not final and are subjected to either executive or judicious review or reconsideration by other authority or tribunals. The powers and procedure of wage boards are same as those industrial tribunals unsaturated under ID Act 1947. 3. PAY COMMISSIONS:- †¢ First pay commission was appointed by govt. of India in 1946 under chairmanship of justice vardachariar to enquire in to conditions of service of central govt. employees. †¢ The vardachariar commission in its report said that in no case should a mans pay less tha n living wage †¢ The 2nd pay commission was appointed in aug. 1957. and commission submits its report in 1959, examined the norms for fixing a need based minimum wage set up 15th session of ILC. †¢ Govt. f India appointed third pay commissions in 1970’s which submit its report in April 1973. In this report commission express its support for a system in which pay adjustments will occurs automatically upon an upward movement in consumer price index. †¢ After thirteen years, govt, appointed fourth central pay cimmissions under chairmanship of justice P. N. Singhal on July 26, 1983 to examine structure of all central govt. employees, including those of union territories. Officers belong to all India service and armed forces. Commission submits its report on July 30, 1986 and recommended drastic changes in pay scale. The 5th pay commission (1952-1996) made certain recommendation regarding restricting of pay scales. †¢ The 6th pay commissions was established on 2006 and committee submit its report on March 2008. 3. Adjudication Since independence adjudication has been one of the main instruments for settlement of disputes, improvement in wage scales and standardization of wages and allowances. Though courts and tribunals were primarily intended to deal with settlement of industrial disputes, in practiae, wage fixation has become an important element in their work and functioning. This is because of large of disputes concerning of wages and allowances. Numerous wage disputes in many industries have been referred for adjudication to labour courts and tribunals during past ten decades. The high courts and Supreme Court have also adjudicated upon such disputes. The awards given by these authorities not only helped in formulation of a body of principles governing wage fixation but laid foundation for present wage structure in many of major industries. Some major legislation which governs the principles of wage fixation -Minimum wages Act 1948, Payments of wages Act 1936, Equal Remuneration Act 1976, Industrial Disputes Act 1947, and Companies Act 1956. How to cite Wage Determination, Papers

Project Management Practice Free Samples †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Choose an organisation and consider project management practices the organisation. Answer: The Woodside Petroleum Limited is a production and exploration company in Australia that deals with both oil and gas globally (Curtis and Mee, 2012). In project management that entails application of methods, knowledge, processes and skills to get the suitable or anticipated goals of the project. The company has embarked in different approaches in dealing with the project management. Woodside is more of a traditional company in form of project management and only in recent years has it used a less rigid approach in project management. There are signs that technology and the organization structure are changing thus its project management has altered more so in the last decade especially in the global projects. In addition, the system of governances in the support and against the policy affecting the company has affected the project management such as the companys stance in the opposition of Rudd labor governments Carbon pollution scheme (Curtis and Mee, 2012). Woodside has implemented long term goals and short terms to push its social an economic agenda on the global platform. General Project Approach of Woodside For the, working economically is about making the wisest decision, with the goal that they can perform to their absolute best. It is a center worth installed at each level of our organization, over our quality chain and wherever we work. It is crucial to understanding Woodside vision as a worldwide pioneer in upstream oil and gas. Its approach to dealing with working reasonably underpins corporate procedure; amplifying our center, utilizing capacities and developing companys portfolio. Dealing with the material issues distinguished by Woodside partners educates the basic leadership in the company, manages its operations and empowers it to keep up its position as an accomplice of decision.Woodside capacity to react to the issues and worries of the groups where they work is vital. For it implies making the best choice by companys partners, accomplices and more extensive society and keeping them protected and sound. Similarly as vital is the need to take care of the rising demand for vi tality. The world is in the early phases of a vitality move. Woodside is focused on creating assets capably and being kind of worldwide manageability issues including environmental change and air quality. Therefore the companys trust in common gas can and requirements to assume a crucial part later on vitality blend. Development and the use of driving edge science and innovation are critical differentiators for any organization here for the long haul (Parks and Pack, 2013). Woodside capacity to advance has guaranteed its position as a pioneer in the Australian gas and oil industry for over 60 years. From deepwater penetrating to creation in remote and testing situations, Woodside coordinate world-class ecological administration into its investigation, improvement and operational exercises. Manageability needs The manageability needs are recognized and ordered into four particular viewpoints.Woodside report against these needs, including our methodology, activities and execution in our Sustainable Development Report. We report every year as per the Global the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) and Reporting Initiative (GRI). Administration Woodside methodology is fused in its arrangements, models and Code of Conduct. Woodside people group relations system empowers its partners to have a common comprehension of the reason, quality and administration way to deal with group relations rehearse over the business. It controls Woodside way to deal with groups as it look to comprehend other competitive neighbouring group issues, desires and desires through three key zones: Stakeholder engagement making partner connections outside issues-based communications to bolster long haul trust; Social sway administration giving a reliable and key way to deal w ith comprehension and relieving negative social effects and making positive social effects; and Social commitment involving commitments commanded by law or an assention and deliberate commitments (charity, associations and joint efforts). With an accentuation on adding to the important, long haul financial improvement and limit working of neighborhood groups. Woodside tax assessment approach and administration structure, together with progressing engagement with the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) and other income powers, shows companys dedication to straightforwardness and consistence with the law. The Woodside Management System gives an organized administration structure with characterized accountabilities and execution prerequisites for Woodside directors, workers and temporary workers. Woodside's supportability execution is connected to compensation for workers and administrators (Osmundsen, n.d.). Administration structure - Woodside's Board of Directors has oversight of the o rganization's administration and business exercises. The Sustainability Committee helps the Board to meet its obligations in connection to the organization's manageability approaches and hones. The council is contained five autonomous, non-official executives (Osmundsen, n.d.). Distinguishing and managing risks By comprehension and dealing with Woodside dangers, company give more noteworthy assurance to its partners, groups and environment. It perceive that danger is natural to Woodside business and that compelling administration of danger is basic to our economical future. Woodside's Board Audit and Risk Committee regulates our Risk Management Policy and is in charge of fulfilling itself that administration has created and actualized a sound arrangement of danger administration and interior control. Amid 2014, the Audit and Risk Committee evaluated the organization's danger administration system and affirmed that the structure was sound. Woodside most critical dangers, and how they are being overseen, are constantly surveyed and abridged in a corporate danger profile (Parks and Pack, 2013). It is the essential wellspring of data while deciding our material issues from an organization point of view.Organization maps to the paradigms presented in Pollack (2006) by explaining key similarities and differences (using specific example)In project management, there are mainly two types of paradigm the hard (traditional) and soft (non-traditional) paradigm (Pollack, 2015). The Woodside has mainly utilized the hard paradigm in it approaches towards the projects since its incorporation back in July 1954. In the form of the setting of goals, its mainly predefined meaning that the goals are set before the project and the expectation is that they will take the project through until its completion (Pollack, 2007). In 2006-2007, Woodside had set goals to build an onshore plant on the Burrup Peninsula as part of the Pluto LNG projects in Western Australia but it was never completed because the site is the home of petro glyphs that are over 30 thousand years old (Curtis and Mee, 2012). In problems that have emanated from the various projects, Woodside has demonstrated its ability to support problem-solving methodology similar to that of the hard paradigm (Pollack, 2007). For example, when faced by an investigation of foreign workers underpaid in April 2011, they sought the court system in dealing with the issue and never offered any document or statement on the same to the public. However, the company emphasis more on learning rather than control and it is supportive of the soft paradigm (Pollack, 2015). For example The US$1.9 billion Greater Enfield Project was endorsed for improvement in June 2016. Found 60 km off Exmouth in Western Australia inside Commonwealth waters the task will build up the Laverda Canyon, Norton over Laverda (WA-59-L) and Cimatti (WA-28-L) oil aggregations (Curtis and Mee, 2012). These stores will be created by means of a 31 km subsea attach back to the Ngujima-Yin gliding generation stockpiling and offloading (FPSO) office, situated over the Vincent oil field. The task is focusing on improvement of gross (100%) 2P stores of 69 MMboe (net Woodside offer of 41 MMboe) from the oil gatherings. Woodside holds expanded by 41 MMboe in conjunct ion with the endorsement of the task for advancement (Osmundsen, n.d.). Key to monetising this asset was Woodside closely coordinated effort with contractual workers, its reception of the most recent advances, a staged improvement approach and the utilization of existing FPSO framework. The Greater Enfield Project is expected to make a solid commitment to the WA economy and Woodside is making arrangements for a few hundred WA-based employments to be secured as a major aspect of its development, establishment, charging and operations. Woodside's ability likewise incorporate offtake administration, value audits and coordinated LNG shipping armada operation. In 2013, Woodside set up a devoted office in Singapore to bolster our developing LNG advertising, exchanging and transporting abilities. This has brought out in its decision to venture outside the Australian market having already established other affiliate companies in different countries such as Canada, Cameroon, Republic of Kore a, and many others (Labani et al., 2013). Current organizations new paradigm and its evolution as Pollack describes it The company has exhibited new paradigm in its recent announcement through the companys chief executive Peter Coleman to put on hold the offshore browse LNG project due to the recession and drop in the world oil prices. This is both solving the problem and at the same time learning that, they might in the future make significant losses if they go on with the project. In the January 2016 Woodside established long-term projects in Canada of investing US$854 million to acquire 50% stake in Apache in Kitimat LNG and its technological advancement strategies (Labani et al., 2013). This has changed the view of Woodside in project management since now its projects are long term and requires constant monitoring through technological change. This will change the structure and the shift is anticipated to bring positive impact. Notwithstanding LNG, Woodside markets unrefined petroleum, condensate, LPG and pipeline characteristic gas. It have been supplying pipeline gas to Western Australian utili ties and purchasers since 1984 (Osmundsen, n.d.). Woodside's showcasing and delivery abilities have for some time been vital to its part as a main supplier of vitality to the Asia Pacific district. Woodside solid associations with clients in real vitality markets have been kept up through a reputation of dependable conveyance and skill crosswise over contracting, promoting and exchanging. Woodside's skill likewise incorporate offtake administration, value surveys and coordinated LNG shipping armada operation. In 2013, Woodside built up a committed office in Singapore to bolster its developing LNG promoting, exchanging and dispatching abilities. Woodside keeps on building a different supply portfolio, supported by solid Australian LNG and supplemented by future Canadian and US-sourced volumes to seek after extra long haul deals courses of action (Parks and Pack, 2013). References Curtis, F. and Mee, K. (2012). Welcome to Woodside: Inverbrackie Alternative Place of Detention and performances of belonging in Woodside, South Australia, and Australia. Australian Geographer, 43(4), pp.357-375.Labani, M., Rezaee, R., Saeedi, A. and Hinai, A. (2013). Evaluation of pore size spectrum of gas shale reservoirs using low pressure nitrogen adsorption, gas expansion and mercury porosimetry: A case study from the Perth and Canning Basins, Western Australia. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 112, pp.7-16.Parks, D. and Pack, D. (2013). Design concept for implementation of a novel subsea gas dehydration process for a gas/condensate well. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 109, pp.18-25.Pollack, J. (2007). The changing paradigms of project management. International Journal of Project Management, 25(3), pp.266-274.Pollack, J. (2015). Understanding the divide between the theory and practice of organisational change. Organisational Project Management, 2(1), p.35.Osmundsen, P. (n.d.). Rate of Return Requirement for Climate versus Petroleum Projects. SSRN Electronic Journal.

Invention Of The Elevator Essays - Elevators, Skyscraper, Down

Invention of the Elevator Back in the days of the 1850's through 1900's the invention of the elevator was a big step for civilization. The people went from old fashion stairs to for them a minute ride of luxury and realization (opposed to climbing stairs). An American inventor named Elisha Graves Otis was the first person to invent the mechanical elevator with adequate safety devices, such as safety brakes which gripped on to the elevator cab's rails. Safey cables which looped around a drum that was attached to the driving motor. These cables were made out of heavy steel instead of rope that would wear and tear within a couple of weeks or maybe possibly a month. While on the other hand steel cables could last for a couple of years. Otis showed off his invention for the first time ar the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York City in 1854. People were estatic about the safety issue of the clamping arrangement that gripped the guide rails on which the elevator car moved when tension was released from the hoist cable. Which meant that if by chance the hoist cable ever snapped, clamps would grip the rails to keep the elevator cab from dropping and smashing at the bottom of the elevator shaft. Most of the United States civilization started to like elevators. Now that they were safer, people decided that elevators would take less time and less stress then taking the stairs. The first elevator was steam powered. It wasn't until later on when elevators had and electric motor. A New York department store called Haughwout Department store made the news and history books in 1957 because they were the first one to have a passenger elevator, driven by steam power installed. The store was five stories high. Hundreds even thousands went into Haughwout a day to see and try out the new elevator. Soon after Haughwout installed their elevator other businesses and apartment buildnings started putting them in. Now that elevators are here cities could grow. Let me tell you why, because in the cities before elevators came about apartment buildings and stores were no more than five stories high and for a valid reason. No one would rent an apartment on the tenth floor if they had to take the stairs. So once the elevators came around buildings began to grow up. Think about it we wouldn't have skyscrapers because again on one would want to climb that many stairs. No skyscrapers would put a burden on the country. I think because a lot of people make their living by building and designing skyscrapers. That's thousands of people who would be working other jobs they didn't want to or they would be unemployed. In 1889 another big building in New York City made the record and history books being the first building to install an electrically driven passenger elevator. This building was the Demarst Building. This elevator had an electric motor to drive a winding drum in the building's basement. You held a lever turning it on and you stopped at the floor you wanted to. It wasn't until 1894 when the push button control panel was introduced. This panel made the elevator very easy to use. All you had to do was walk into the elevator push the button for the floor you wanted to go to and the elevator takes you there. And if by chance the elevator got stuck or there was an emergency there was a button you could ppush so a bell would rind and someone would hear it and call for help. These buttons made the operation of the elevator so easy that even a toddler could work it. Later that year a hoisting aparatus was demonstrated in England. This aparatus applied electric power to a pulley at the top of t he shaft. The weight of the car and counter weights guaranteed traction. This made it possible to move the cable drum to the top of the shaft, leading to higher shafts in taller buildings. For example, the Empire State Building in New York City would have needed this aparatus because at the time this was to be the tallest building in the world. Now you think that all of these elevator

Essay Sample on American Reforms Between 1825 and 1850

Essay Sample on American Reforms Between 1825 and 1850 Example essay on American Reforms: America experienced many kinds of reforms during the time period between 1825 and 1850. The different types of reform movements in the United States during this time period sought to expand democratic ideals through religious, women’s, and social reforms. The era’s reformers were portrayed as idealistic altruistic crusaders who intended to improve American society. Church attendance was still a regular ritual for about three-fourths of Americans. In fact, Alexis de Tocqueville declared that there was, â€Å"no country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America.† Hence, it was very easy to bring reform to America through religion. One of the reformers was Charles Finney. He denounced both alcohol and slavery and encouraged women to pray aloud in public. This brought a democratic principle in which women are equal to men and slaves are also free people. In Document B, he declares that through such type of reforms harlots, drunkards, infidels and all kinds of abandoned characters are awakened and connected. This provides the people in the community a well rounded life and expanded democratic ideals as it included more people through participation in the community. The author of Document E foretells that if people are happy with what they have and know that God is in control, j ust like the good boy, they will be happier in their lives and will have the capacity to govern themselves. This will contribute to the society, which is one of the key facts in democracy. Women’s higher education was frowned upon in the early decades of the nineteenth century. Prejudices also prevailed that too much learning injured the feminine brain. But later on women became one of the reformers that expanded democracy through their involvement and petition to legislatures. Dorothea Dix was one of the tireless reformers who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill and finally made a petition to the Massachusetts legislature in 1843. She was also appointed superintendent of women nurses for the union forces at the outbreak of the civil war. The lady that is portrayed in Document C also shows that women need to be treated equally as people and not as slaves. The author of Document I also mentions that women have also part in democratic government as they are members of the governed and no favor of laws must be shown to anyone. America was being changed in a way that would affect the future generations. Temperance society was founded, Harmony and Brook farm communes were also established. In fact, as in Document A, Americans were starting to feel proud as America was the first to adopt the penitentiary system of prison discipline and attempted to prevent crimes by imparting knowledge. People were also uniting and forming voluntary association to promote the great purposes of human culture as in Document F. The people also wanted to guarantee each other spiritual progress and physical support which is one of the main facts of democratic principles as the people, the governed, have a say in their government. Some of the reformers also believed that the government by that time was biased and that a new one in which the people participate, as the author says in Document G, was needed. Some of the people in this reformation era were mostly morally ethical. Some believed that who get involved in drinking end up b eing poor or dead. These people started to have the right to say what they believed in. This can be seen in Document H. Many of the reformers in this era believed to take the American Society to a higher level. However, all did not believe in the same path to that level. Some, like Samuel Morse in Document D, believed that America should not give foreigners a lot of rights. Everyone having the right to say what they believed in is the main democratic principle that came forth from the reforms and the reformers during this era to direct America in a new path its people never knew.

PROJECT MANGGMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PROJECT MANGGMENT - Essay Example Within the Project team, teams are formed based on the interdependence of tasks to be performed. The composition of groups is to ensure that time is not lost in processing of information and consequently the decision-making process (Chapin & Huber-Sannwald 2001). The current project team performance has been enhanced by creating a scenario where each member of the group has sufficient understanding of the tasks expected concerning performance. Such is the clarity in task assignment that the team members can self-monitor their performance and daily progress. Another feature of the group is the communication channels that exist and must strictly be adhered to. These channels are developed to ensure the shortest time lapse between the sender, the receiver, the feedback and the implementation of available information. The channels ensure that the departmental heads get a periodic briefing on the progress of their groups and can be prompt in their responses and effectively manage situations before they get out of hand. Under communications and information processing, the project management team has a program design that demands regular meetings with the primary objective being performance evaluation and charting the way forward. With short term goals being the norm, these impromptu meetings serve to ensure that the activities are on track as per procedure requirements. For those activities not at par with their projections, necessary steps are taken to ensure that any disruption erupts in relation to the progress of the organization (Project Management Institute 2013) The limits of authority are currently clear such that team member is aware of the boundaries of their authority. Such limits are set to ensure that there are no overlapping duties that may raise conflicts of interests among the team members. Additionally, to ensure accountability, each level

Scopes trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scopes trial - Essay Example One might even be as bold as to say that the only contribution that scopes made to the whole trial, as presented in the essay, is offer his name for posterity’s sake whenever someone wants to refer to the trial. Scopes was not acting on his own volition rather as a legally necessitating factor for the trial to proceed. The main issue in the trial is the positions of the ACLU and the positions of the Christian fundamentalist and what they felt is right for the average American school curriculum. The trial is not about a prosecutor trying to prove that the defendant is guilty neither is it about the defendant proving his innocence and this is clearly shown by the defense allowing unchallenged testimony against Scopes albeit its obvious falsity owing to the fact that Scopes was not even a biology teacher. The trial is an ideological confrontation between two diametrically opposed interest parties and them resenting their agenda before a national audience. The very nature of the trial gives a feeling of transcendence over a teacher simply defending himself against the state; the media access and coverage allowed the national attention and high profile counsel on either side of the matter is testimony to this. The essay gives the perspective of the broad goals that are the aim of this trial: the statute opposing the teaching of evolution in schools but more importantly the ideological basis for agreeing to or opposing the statute. The perspective of the essay is much wider than the perspective of the trial, Larson uses the trial to address the issue of scientific and academic freedom and the curtailment of this freedom by special interest groups based on subjective beliefs held by different groups. Intellectual freedom is Larson’s main agenda and he seeks redress for the situation whereby the majority imposes its religious beliefs and epistemological leanings

Africana studies final assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Africana studies final assignment - Essay Example Thereafter, the European powers struggled to create a sphere of influence for themselves in Africa. These European powers used various methods to acquire these colonies of which were falsehood to the Africans. They included signing of treaties between African and Europeans, which were vague and were to the advantages of Europeans. They used of force, which used military occupation, for example, Ashanti by British, use missionaries and collaboration. Economic, social and political reasons led acquisition of Africa (Shreuder 90). First, Africa came under colonization for economic reasons as an option for abolition of slave trade. Europe had to have an alternative trade commodity from Africa. Africa was rich in minerals, fertile lands for agriculture and cheap labor. Agrarian revolution and industrialization of the mid-19th century caused European power to rethink about Africa. They needed to increase sources of raw materials for their growing industries. Africa was a rich source of raw materials including iron ore, copper, palm oil, rubber and cotton. Furthermore, these European powers wanted extended markets for their manufactured goods. As consequence, they needed to expand their market in Africa. In addition to this, they wanted to have a share in African trade in gold, ivory and slaves. Some of the European powers established settlements and started cash crop farming and livestock keeping, for example, the Dutch settled in Kenyan highlands. Other than the coast, they began to establish trade contacts wit h long distance traders from the interior where they exchanged items of trade. For these reasons, each European power wanted to secure or safeguard their commercial motivations by exercising political control the over sources of raw material and markets (Okoth 44). Europeans invaded Africa for humanitarian reasons. Other than spreading Christianity, missionaries came to Africa to establish schools as means to civilize Africans and to provide health or medical

Social Media Essay

Social Media Essay Social media and social networking seem to play an imperative part of peoples lives around the world. There are some who debate whether it is improving or crippling communication skills. Sitting behind a computer communicating with cyber friends can be easy and fun but can weaken a persons verbal communication skills. I will not only focus on the negative impacts on communication because there are some positive impacts on communication through social media. I will explore how social media and networking strengthens and weakens communication. Communication is defined as the act or an instance of communicating; the imparting or exchange of information, ideas, or feelings. (Collins, 2009). Communication involves the transfer of meaning or information from one person or group to others. (Baack, 2012). It is an integral part of everyones life. All communication areas are significant in that each area represents a system that operates within a broader system of destination management, and contributes to its overall efficiency. However, each area of communication has its own characteristics and the knowledge of these characteristics will ultimately help establish an efficient communication pattern. There can be no argument that technology has had a major impact on the world and how people communicate. (Omrcen, 2009) Accessibility that one has to the internet through smart phones, tablets, computers, and other mobile devices has made accessing information and connecting with people a touch away in some cases. People are communicating almost all day every day through texting, e-mail, and the ever-expanding social media. Because it has had such a modern explosion in popularity and usage, social media has become the new norm when it comes to communicating everything from huge life events like engagements and the birth of children to minute particulars like what one ate for dinner. Social media has had one of the most substantial impacts on how people communicate within the past decade. The internet has a greater impact on people today than ever before. It has been a continual source of news, entertainment, and education for users around the world for more than 20 years. However, the most innovative of its technologies, social media, did not achieve mainstream popularity until about ten years ago. Facebook, Twitter, and similar services are becoming the most visited destinations on the internet. These websites allow users to quickly and easily share pictures, links, ideas, and messages with other users; theoretically facilitating social interaction. These services, through a combination of accessibility, simplicity, and intuitive design promote positive social behavior by encouraging interaction among friends, relatives, and co-workers; facilitating communication between individuals, and fostering a profound sense of community. Social media is a rising trends in the world today. Communication skills are exemplified by use of social media networking. Social media networking allows for a communication outlet. Social media is being utilized by students, parents, businesses, and religious organizations. It is being used in many forms by many different platforms for many reasons. The transmission device is anything that carries a message, including sound waves, light waves, pieces of paper, mobile-phone signals and screens, the Internet, computer monitors, billboards, radio and television signals, and an endless number of additional carriers (Baack, 2012). Social media is employing many transmission devices, including mobile devices and computers. I am interested in the role social media plays in communication because I use some form every day and notice that it is becoming a rising trend. I have found myself checking my Facebook page without even thinking about it. I have also noticed that some friends post frequently and tell everything they are doing via status updates. The social network, Twitter, appears to be one of their first choices with celebrities tweets being the topic of many news discussions. At the bottom of nearly every commercial, there is a Facebook/Twitter link. Social networks like Facebook and Twitter have always encouraged their subscribers to come up with an online persona. They then build a personal network of friends that connects to an open worldwide community (Griffith Tengnah, 2009). Information is now shared freely between the two. These parties can communicate either publicly (writing on walls) or via the more discrete personal messages. Apart from connecting to a network of friends, a subscriber can join community groups with a specific interest. Here, the subscribers discuss different issues touching on that interest. More often than not, events are created where physical meetings are arranged. Briggs found out that an average Facebook user is connected to around 80 community groups (Griffith Tengnah, 2009). Most of these groups encourage the subscribers to give suggestions on how they should be run and to engage in debates. They also provide a social forum for members to interact amongst each other and with the leaders of the groups. There are other social sites like YouTube that give users a platform to upload and share videos. Here, users post videos of themselves for other users to view. YouTube has been a great platform for musicians and film producers as their fans can easily access their music videos. Other social sites like MySpace have also given users the platform to post videos on their profiles. Such sites enable easy access to a variety of videos like music, sports, documentaries, and movies. Social media has lessened the use verbal communication and increased the use of online messaging. People nowadays can have phone conversations over their computers. This has been enabled by the development of social sites such as Skype. Here, people that are connected will communicate by word of mouth. This is unlike Facebook and Twitter where the mode of communication is by writing. Most of the social sites have now incorporated webcams for their subscribers. Webcams enables friends to have a one on one conversation while at the same time watching each other. This communication is more private and very effective as subscribers get to see each other. There has really been an increase in popularity in webcam conversations. Facebook, Twitter, and Skype are popular social media platforms millions utilize daily. It is extremely rare to come across anyone in todays society who does not have an account on one of these platforms. Social media is not only people used by people but by businesses and organizations, as well. Most sites that I visit online has a link to their Facebook page, Qualman, 2009 states: Social media touches nearly every facet of our personal and business lives. In business, it is not just for Marketing and Public Relations department. Rather it is imperative for social media to be a part of the companys overall strategy. Social media is living and breathing and it touches every part of a company from Customer Service to frontline sales, even Human Resources and Information Technology. (p.13) With the rising growth of social media networking, businesses are turning to it as a means of advertisement. It allows businesses and organizations to reach millions of users on a platform they are using on a daily basis. Businesses and organizations reach numerous users on Facebook by creating pages and offering promotions and discounts to get fans. If there is someone on your page who is a fan of their page, your friends can share post that are displayed in your newsfeeds. This allows the business to reach the fan and the friends of the fans. It is important to realize that as social media evolves the realm of communication changes. The technological advances added to social media changes the way we communicate with people on daily basis. It has made communication quicker and more efficient. Social media sites like Facebook send daily reminder of friend birthdays. Instead of picking up the phone and traditionally wishing someone birthday greetings, you can simply type your birthday greeting on their page. This has eliminated the need to make a phone call or send a greeting card While receiving a birthday message from your friends online is okay, it feels impersonal. The feeling of opening a greeting card and reading a message someone picked out for you, fills my heart with warmth. That personal effect is not felt from a message left on a page I have created online and in most cases, I do not read them. Almost everyone young and old use social media in some fashion. Twitter is popular social platform for celebrities. I often watch the news and there is a story of what some celebrity tweeted to their fans or other celebrities. The use of social media and networking has elevated communication to a higher platform. It has helped social organization, businesses, churches and individuals reach audiences in which they could not reach before. It has even be used in politics with President Obama using twitter to keep Americans posted on what is happening in the government, The negative effects of social media on communication are the effect it can have on kids through cyber bullying and unwanted exposure. Younger people are using mass communication without the without realizing the consequences. (Wallis, 2012). There has been instances where young folks have committed suicide as the result of negative things that have been posted about them on the internet, Parental controls are available to ensure website are access that are inappropriate for certain age groups but they cannot protect young folks from what is being posted by their peers. Social media and networking is often used as an outlet and peers can post things that are potentially hurting to others. With the emergence and growth of social media there are benefits and disadvantages to the way communication is impacted. The real question is whether the benefits surpassed the disadvantages. I believe that the benefits of social media are helpful to the world and we communicate. As with anything, there will be disadvantages and it will be used to do things that it was not originally intended. Inmates in prison have access to social media and networking allowing them to stay connected to what is happening in the outside world. The television is slowly becoming obsolete with Facebook, Twitter and other sites providing news at faster rates then the local news at 10pm. The news station and newspaper also have Facebook and Twitter accounts that provide new stories, as they are unfolding. The ability to access social platforms via computers, tablets, and cellphones allows you access at all times throughout the day. The convenience and ease of access leads to social media and network addictions. Anyone who has a Facebook, Twitter or Instagram account have seen the user who is logged in all the time. There are some users who post everything they are doing throughout the day, which can be dangerous. Facebook also lets you to make groups, have applications and have as many friends as you want this assists you with getting in touch with people who like what you like, play games online, and make additional friends. One thing it lacks in is security from pedophiles. There is no report button to report users, even if they are irritating you. It also has a social bookmarking websites, allowing you to keep your favorite websites in one place, as well as all your friends. Another wonderful idea only integrated by Facebook is the friend finder. It permits you to find friends in an instant, allowing you to connect to friends. If you page is not private and can only be accessed by your friends, when you post your everyday activities it allows users to know your location and what you are doing. If you post that you will be going on vacation for the next couple of days, it lets potential burglars know that you are not at home and can lead to your home being broken into. There is no general rulebook on the dos and donts on how to effectively use social media without making yourself vulnerable. Privacy has been become a rising issue in social media and networking with the addition of locations and gps tracking. Recently, Facebook has made it easier to understand and adjust your privacy settings but it is up to the user to ensure their privacy is protected. The best way to protect your privacy is to be mindful of what you post and who can access and view what you are posting. I suggest not posting anything on the social media and networking sites that you do not want broadcasting to everyone. Although you believe your family and friends are viewing what you are posting, anyone can access it. Communication has improved greatly by emerges and continual growth of social media. Everyone from churches to schools use it to communicate with users. Social media has evolved communication to new heights. The ease of access and growth makes it very beneficial to everyone from pastors to politicians. As social media evolves, communication will improve and continue to soar to new heights. The positive impact on communication definitely overcomes the negative and makes it very beneficial.

Hobsons Choice by Harold Brighouse Essay -- Hobsons Choice Harold Br

"Hobson's Choice" by Harold Brighouse Analyse the events of act one and discuss how the playwright, Harold Brighouse prepares the audience for the transformation of Will Mossop's character as seen in act four. Hobson's Choice was set in the Victorian time of 1880. It was written in 1915 and is a Lancashire comedy that also refers to class. When Maggie marries Will, it is seen as a disgrace because Maggie is marrying someone of a lower class. Hobson's choice shows the rise of Will Mossop (a boothand) who is a nervous, unconfident man and how he changes when he marries Maggie, the daughter of Hobson. Maggie is the complete opposite of Will and she transforms him. It shows Hobson and others around them disagreeing with the wedding. In this essay, I am going to analyse the transformation of Will Mossop from act1 to act4 and say how he has changed. We first see Will Mossop when Mrs Hepworth, an important customer of Hobson's enquires about who made the boots that she has. "Who made these boots?" Mrs Hepworth seeks the assistance of Maggie to find out who made the boots, after getting nowhere with Hobson. This puts Hobson out and he still tries to interfere and show his importance. He assures Mrs Hepworth that he will make the man that made them suffer if there is anything wrong with them. "if there is anything wrong I assure you I'm capable of making the man suffer" Will appears from the trap door. He is lanky man who is not stupid, but has been stunted mentally. His clothes are poor and shabby but he has qualities and charm in him. When Mrs Hepworth speaks to him he is nervous and when she goes to give him her card he ducks expecting a blow of her. In the film version when we first... ... doesn't take no for an answer from Hobson. In Conclusion I feel that Maggie is solely responsible for the change in Will. Since she dragged him into marrying her he has changed into a strong, self-confident and self-assured man. At the end of act 1 he shows that he won't be bossed about by Hobson and becomes determined to marry Maggie. He turns into the strongest man in the play from being the weakest. He now knows what he is doing in life and is not afraid of changes as he was at the beginning of the play. He is now successful and respectable but he doesn't gloat or boast over Hobson's misfortunes. At the end of the play he shows of all his new qualities. Will's change has happened for the best for him without a doubt but not for Hobson. Hobson used to be in charge of Will and boss him around but now the tables have turned as Hobson now needs Will.

Supermarket Marketing

1) For this assignment I decided to visit the Tom Thumb Supermarket located in Lovers Lane. When I walked into the supermarket the first thing I saw was a stand in the middle of a small-like room in which people get the kart to do their shopping. In this stand there were organic fruits such as apples, peaches, melons, kiwi and a couple of other small fruits. All of them contained the yellow sign of â€Å"every day savings†, meaning that the fruits were on a discount from their regular prices. I think that the retailer strategically puts these items in the entrance since they know fruits are a high demand product for consumers. Once I passed through the doors and into the supermarket, I observed a flower stand with many flowers for sale and many stands containing chips and many soft drinks that came in boxes like coca-cola, sprite, Canada dry and others. I think that the flowers are great location since they attract every consumer that walks into the supermarket independently if he/she is going to buy flowers or not. It also gives a better experience to the consumer as he walks in, since flowers are produce a sense of calm for many. ) As I walked through the supermarket, I reached the pharmacy of the supermarket. As I had seen in many places before such as CVS and Walgreens, this supermarket also had generic brands in many of the medications being sold. These generic brands were found among the most common medications sold daily. Beside Advil, Tylenol, and ZzzQuil, there were the generic products. The generic products had a simpler look from the outside than the national brand names, but contained the exact same ingredients as the national brands, for $2 and up to $3 dollars less in most cases. There were also generic products for well-known brands such as Tums, Mucinex, Aleve, Alka-Seltzer, and even Pepto Bismol. I believe that that these brands are positioned this way so the consumer is able to compare the national brand to a generic product and realize that the only difference between them is the price and a nice looking box. 3) While walking through the aisles I realized that there were products at the end-of-aisle that were not from the same category as the aisle. There was a similarity between all of these products that were located at the end-cap. The majority of these items were snacks or small products for daily use. These items were mostly chips, there were some with water and it was the cheapest one, one contained small toys, wine, and soft drinks. I believe that these items are located at the end-cap since it is something that almost every consumer likes and wants. So it is a strategic location for retailers to place products that have a very high demand. 4) I was not shocked to see an item that was displayed in two different locations since it was one that we usually do not relate to a supermarket. While walking to the pharmacy there was a stand in the middle of the aisle. This stand contained ceramic plates and silverware, there were also a few toys and a lot of hard plastic containers for water or drinks. These items were located in a different area than they usually are. I imagine that these products do not have a lot of demand. So the retailer tries to create this demand by separating the product into two locations and probably attract consumers in different locations such as the pharmacy that could be more interested in the product. ) When I went to the mustard category I realized that the most expensive type of mustard were also among the most famous brands. The most expensive mustard was Heinz, followed by other brands such as Safeway, Guldens, Jack Daniels, and Grey Poupon, which were in the same price range. The cheapest mustard was the French’s brand, which I am almost sure is no different than the Heinz mustard. The differences in prices among the mustards wer e also influenced by the type of mustard not only the brand. The Dijon, Horseradish, Spicy Brown, Sweet and Spicy, and Brown mustards were more expensive than regular plain mustard.

The Uses and Advantages of Corrugated Plastic

The Uses and Advantages of Corrugated Plastic There are two main types of corrugated plastic. Corrugated plastic sheet usually comprises what appear to be three layers - two flat sheets with a ribbed center layer. In fact, they are really two layers, often referred to as twinwall plastic. Corrugated plastic can also mean sheets of plastic which are wave-like in profile and may be reinforced with chopped glass fiber. They are a single layer and used mainly for roofing of garages and outhouses, but gardeners also use them to build sheds. Here we will focus on the twinwall version, also known as a corrugated plastic board or fluted plastic board. How Corrugated Plastic Sheets Are Made The materials used include polypropylene and polyethylene, widely used and versatile thermoplastics. Polypropylene has a neutral ph and is resistant to many chemicals at normal temperatures, but can be dosed with additives to provide a variety of other resistance such as UV, anti-static and fire resistance, for example. Polycarbonate is also used, but this is a much less versatile material, particularly in respect of its relatively poor impact resistance and brittleness, although it is stiffer. PVC and PET are also used. In the basic manufacturing process, the sheet is extruded - that is the molten plastic is pumped (typically with a screw mechanism) through a die which provides the profile. Dies are typical 1 - 3 meters wide, delivering a product of thickness up to 25 mm. Mono- and co-extrusion techniques are used depending on the precise profile required. Advantages and Uses In buildings: Suppliers claim it is an ideal material for storm shutters and that it is 200 times stronger than glass, 5 times lighter than plywood. It does not require painting and maintains its color, it is translucent and does not rot. Clear polycarbonate corrugated sheet is used for roofing sunrooms where its rigidity, lightweight and insulating properties are ideal, and low impact resistance is less of an issue. It is also used for small structures such as greenhouses where its air core provides a useful insulating layer. Humanitarian Relief: The material is ideal for temporary shelters need after flood, earthquake and other disasters. The lightweight sheets are easily transported by air. Easy to handle and fix to wooden frames their waterproof and insulating properties offer rapid shelter solutions when compared to traditional materials such as tarpaulins and corrugated steel sheets. Packaging: Versatile, flexible and impact resistant, polypropylene board is ideal for packaging components (and agricultural produce too). It is more eco-friendly than some molded packaging which cannot be recycled. It can be stapled, stitched and easily cut to shape with a hobby knife. Signage: It is available in a wide variety of colors, is readily printed on (typically using UV printing) and can easily be fixed using a wide variety of methods - its light weight being an important factor. Pet enclosures: It is such a versatile material that rabbit hutches and other domestic pet enclosures are built with it. Fittings such as hinges can be bolted to it; being non-absorbent and easy to clean it offers a very low maintenance finish. Hobby Applications: Modellers are using it to build airplanes, where its light weight combined with rigidity in one dimension and flexibility at right angles provides properties ideal for wing and fuselage construction. Medical: In an emergency, a section of a sheet can be rolled around a broken limb and taped into place as a splint, also providing impact protection and body heat retention. Corrugated Plastic: the Future The uses that this category of board are put to demonstrate its fantastic versatility. New uses are being identified almost every day.  For example, a patent has recently been filed to use layered sheets (alternate layers fused at right angles) in air-to-air heat exchangers. Demand for corrugated plastic is sure to grow, but as many of the plastics used are dependent on crude oil, the raw material costs are subject to the fluctuations (and inevitable growth) of oil prices. This may prove to be a controlling factor.

Middle Ages

Imagine yourself in the Middle Ages in Norway on a cold winters night. Your laying in bed looking out your window at the stars as you do every night before you go to bed. Your looking at the stars and then all of the sudden you see a faint glow appear on the horizon. You see green and red flames of light strech across the sky. A glowing curtain of light forms, waving and swirling in the sky above you. The lights last about thirty seconds and then the lights fade away and then soon dissapers. The sky is dark and clear with the stars shining down on you. It was almost as nothing had happend. You are astonished and facinated with what you have just witnessed but dont understand what it was. You have just witnessed the Aurora Borealis or more commonly known today as the Northern Lights. The Ancient Romans named this awsome natural phenomenon the Aurora Borelis which is a Latin name. Aurora was the name of a Roman goddess of the dawn. Borelis For thousands of years, the northern lights have fascinated and astonished the human imagination, leading to stories, myths and paintings to explain their mysteries. Beyond superstion, culture, mysticism and religous beliefs lie to explanations provided by research and science. The oldest desriptions of the aurora are from the the Mediterranean countries and from ancient China. Most people in these Regions would of only have seen the northern Lights once or twice in their lives. A wonderful article in National Geographic explains that in the sixth century BC, Ezekil, a profit - priest of ancient Israel, saw the aurora and wrote ...a whirlwind came out of the north, a great cloud, and a fire infolding itseslf, and a brightness was about it, and out of the midst thereof as the colour of amber, out of the midst of the fire. After Ezekil was the famous Greek philospher Aristotle who observed the aurora and described it as lights th...

Should a Suicidal Patient be allowed to refuse a Feeding Tube Essay

Should a Suicidal Patient be allowed to refuse a Feeding Tube - Essay Example Effective December 1991, the Patient Self-determination Act (PDSA) enacted by the Federal Government of U.S has empowered all the patients giving them right and autonomy whether to accept or reject the treatment provided by any healthcare establishment regardless of their physical status. The act clearly spells out about patient’s prerogative. There is no need to make any judgment by anybody whether patient’s intentions are suicidal or not. The act ensures in clear terms that no outside party has that right to decide on behalf of the patient and enforce their decisions on the patient. Further, advance directives set by the patient and surrogates nominated by them will take charge to make any decision in the event the patient is not in a position to take their own decision. (Galambos 1998) The act was enacted to preserve end-of-life autonomy of the patient. As per PSDA, the patient must be provided with right-to-die information and possible treatment alternatives on their admission to the healthcare units. It clearly spells out that all information pertaining to the patient's legal rights with respect to medical care, right to refuse treatment, and advance directives that can be provided by the patient. The act ensures that nursing homes, hospitals, healthcare organizations including home health care agencies must provide this information to the patients when they are admitted to any of these establishments. The following is considered a part of duties of all healthcare establishments. 1. They should ensure that patient have given advance directives. 2. They have necessary policies for the implementation of these advance directives. 3. They have educated their staff about advance directives and policies. The PSDA has also promulgated that all healthcare providers shoul d provide information to the patients about their rights to accept or refuse any medical interventions and further the patients can also create advance directives to guide surrogate and others. The directives given by the patient will help surrogates to take decision on his or her behalf in case if the patient goes into comatose state. (Galambos 1998) Legal Standing in the Court of Law Before the enactment of (PDSA) act in U.S, there were many judgments that were given by the U.S courts in the matter related to the withdrawal of life-sustaining devices. It will be worthwhile to see their opinions on this crucial aspect. New Jersey Supreme Court held in the Quinlan case that the patient or surrogates had right to refuse ventilation device. In this case she was living in a vegetative state hence her parents exercised this right on her behalf (Quinlan 1976). Similar kind of ruling was given by the California Court in the Barber case when court ruled that physicians

Discuss critically the future of small business credit and its Essay

Discuss critically the future of small business credit and its regulation - Essay Example Its backed loan threshold was increased from a maximum of US $ 2 million to US $ 5 million in 2008 by President Obama to support the cause of small businesses. Small businesses have really suffered in their need to access loans especially during the recession that happened in America and that extensively affected the rest of the industrialized world between December 2007 and June 2008. This gravely interfered with the ability of small business to access credit since the recession was mainly caused by reckless lending by rogue banks mostly to the real estate industry. The loans were poorly assessed for risks involved and there were many cases of over-inflated asset prices that led to a speculative bubble which was marketed around the world. The bubble did burst and thus loan losses set in, leading to the recession. This paper explores the options left open to small businesses in a world in which credit has become decreasingly available and whether they still stand a chance of getting loans sustainably in the future. The paper also explores other channels of credit open outside the normal formal ones such as banks and government lending that may assist small businesses into the future. The viability of these alternatives is also closely examined. A small business can be defined as a privately owned and operated enterprise with relatively few employees1. According to the Small Business Investment Act of 1958, a small business in the United States consists of 500 or fewer employees. The number of employees is 50 or below in the European Union. Generally speaking, any business organization that is privately owned and has few or no branches with less than 500 workers is a small business2. Despite their small size and relatively small scale operations, the contribution of small business towards national economic development cannot be gainsaid. Small businesses provide 64% of all national employment3. This is a figure that